Philosophy and Knowledge Rene Descartes Objection and...

In Descartes Objection and Replies the idea of knowledge, how it is gained and defined, and the idea of true intellect are discussed. Through the use of the wax experiment true intellect is found, defined, and explained. With this being said he wanted to demonstrate how none of the truths we found through basic perceptive tools or senses can be relied upon and that you had to utilize deep though or knowledge to know how something is defined or even if it exists. The reasoning behind the investigation of the wax in the second meditation is that the wax serves as an analogy of our perception on life and what we assume is truth. Descartes believed that many or even most of the truths we know could in fact be an illusion. This means that†¦show more content†¦Through the knowledge of himself he was able to realize the not only the candle is real but the same regardless of it being melted. The way Descartes believes that was can be perceived through intellect alone is that it can define or acknowledge the existence of the wax with out the use of things like senses. He thought that there are many times when our senses or perceptions deceive us (332 AT VI). Even if we believed it was a certain truth it can often be proven against and wrong, thus senses and perception are not reliable (386 AT VI). The way in which this is done is you must think of the wax and realize that regardless or how its physical appearance and smell may have altered it is still in fact wax. With this being said the way that you realize that this is the case is not through senses because they would say it is no longer the same, but knowledge. Through knowledge you realized that it is still in fact wax. The way, in which this was realized is through analyzing the wax it was envision in the mind, thus you saw yourself analyzing the wax. This showed that the wax was real and not a figment or manipulation because you yourself are there. Your presence in the mind is what verifies that this is the truth. The reason being that you know yourself more than anything, thus if you were there in the thought then whatever truth was acquired is in fact real. The reason Descartes believes you know yourself better than anything else (360Show MoreRelatedDescartes Argument For The Discovery Of Scientific Truth Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesoffered by Renà © Descartes in Rules for the Discovery of Scientific Truth. In order to accomplish this task, I will discern and explain Descartes’ argument, offer what I consider to be the most significant objection to the argument, and contemplate how Descartes would reply to my objection. For the purposes of explanation, I will temporarily put aside the first sentence of the paragraph in which Descartes’ argument can be found. The second sentence of the paragraph begins with Descartes discussingRead MoreThe Philosophical Works Of Descartes Essay1690 Words   |  7 PagesRenà © Descartes 1641 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 1996. This file is of the 1911 edition of The Philosophical Works of Descartes (Cambridge University Press), translated by Elizabeth S. Haldane. Prefatory Note To The Meditations. The first edition of the Meditations was published in Latin by Michael Soly of Paris â€Å"at the Sign of the Phoenix† in 1641 cum Privilegio et Approbatione Doctorum. The Royal â€Å"privilege† was indeed given, but the â€Å"approbation† seems to have been of a most indefiniteRead MoreA Review Of Protagoras Epistemology1399 Words   |  6 Pagesdialogue becomes a discussion of epistemology, or the theory of knowledge and how it is obtained. Socrates begs an answer for the question: â€Å"what is knowledge?† Theaetetus is understandably reluctant to give an answer, yet eventually responds as follows: At any rate, Socrates, after such an exhortation I should be ashamed of not trying to do my best. Now he who knows perceives what he knows, and, as far as I can see at present, knowledge is perception.1 Socrates applauds the young Theaetetus for hisRead More Descartes’ Ultimate Purpose of the Meditations Essay1780 Words   |  8 PagesDescartes’ Ultimate Purpose of the Meditations My initial approach to Renà © Descartes, in Meditations on First Philosophy, views the third meditation’s attempts to prove the existence of God as a way of establishing a foundation for the existence of truth, falsity, corporeal things and eventually the establishment of the sciences. When viewed in this light, Descartes is accused of drawing himself into a ‘Cartesian circle,’ ultimately forcing this cosmological proof of God to defyRead MoreBeliefs Beyond Doubt, What All Other Respond To: Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy1998 Words   |  8 PagesRene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy is considered to be one of the most important works in modern philosophy. John Locke, Immanuel Kant, and countless other philosophers wrote largely in response to Descartes. Yet there are serious doubts related to the treatises major argument. In the Objections and Replies, a collection of objections to the work along with Descartes personal and often very detailed replies to said objections, the philosopher Antoine Arnauld raises the question of whetherRead More Rene Descartes Essay1094 Words   |  5 PagesRene Descartes was a famous French mathematician, scientist and philosopher. He was arguably the first major philosopher in the modern era to make a serious effort to defeat skepticism. His views about knowledge and certainty, as well as his views about the relationship between mind and body have been very influential over the last three centuries. Descartes was born at La Haye (now called Descartes), and educated at the Jesuit College of La Flà ¨che between 1606 and 1614. Descartes later claimedRead MoreWilliam Robertson Smith, A Scottish Orientalist, Old Testament1692 Words   |  7 Pagesargument would be Rene Descartes who says, I think therefore I am. This assertion has come to be known as the cogito. Descartes struggled with a problem that is now called â€Å"the problem of knowing,† and sometimes referred to as the â€Å"brain in a vat† dilemma. The idea is that the brain is easy to fool. The only way a person knows what he experiences of reality is the truth is by trusting in the sensory inputs of his own brain. One would agree with the arguments made by Descarte due to: the simplicityRead MoreDescartes on the Distinction Between Body and Mind1181 Words   |  5 PagesName Tutor Course Date Descartes Premise for Distinguishing Body and Mind In the Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes discusses the nature of the body and mind. By drawing from three lines of thought, Descartes launches a powerful premise that the body is something distinct from the mind. He conceptualizes his argument by using the uncertainty of knowledge argument, appealing to God’s omnipotence, and describing the indivisibility of the body and mind. Therefore, the purpose of this paperRead MoreDualism: Concerns and Issues Essay2086 Words   |  9 Pages Dualism is a broad term that can encompass many areas within philosophy itself. In aspect to metaphysics, it classifies the types of entities in the world into two subcategories, physical and non physical substance. While this may appear to be a very wide and ambiguous opinion, it becomes very specific in regards to our own existence. Paul Churchland puts it very explicitly in his book Matter and Consciousness, and defines dualism as the idea that, â€Å"the essential n ature of consciousRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 PagesÅžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. As

Reaction Paper Bhopal Post - 1375 Words

A Reaction of the Bhopal Case This reaction paper is based on the ethics case: Bhopal-Union Carbide. First, I discuss an overview of the case. Second, I relate the case to principles discussed in class. Third, I evaluate the various points raised in class and present my point of view. Overview of the case In December 1984, the pesticide producing plant, Union Carbide, leaked methyl isocyanate gas in Bhopal, India. A substance that accidently entered the methyl isocyanate storage unit caused the gas to boil and leak into the air. The leak was undetected for over an hour since the plant’s manager and senior operator distrusted the corroded alarm instruments. In addition, all emergency response equipment had either been disabled or was†¦show more content†¦Four years after the incident, Union Carbide U.S. agreed to pay the Indian Government US $470M and was absolved of present and future responsibility, including properly cleaning up the site (Rajagopalan 2010). Principles discussed in class There are two major ethics principles that arise from this case. The first is that an agent or agency should take responsibility for their actions. According to Moldoveanu (2012), responsibility is the â€Å"property of an agent that makes him or her willingly bear the consequences (incur the costs and claim the benefits) of his or her chosen courses of action.† The three active agents involved in this case, the Indian Government, Union Carbide U.S. and Union Carbide India, discarded their responsibilities prior to the disaster. The Indian Government neglected to enforce environmental laws, Union Carbide U.S. instructed its subsidiary to run the plant without proper equipment, and Union Carbide India failed to instruct its parent of major ongoing problems. Businesses are legally required to not be negligent in their actions, and they should take responsibility when mistakes or accidents happen. In this case, all three agents abdicated their respon sibilities leading up to the incident, as well as in the lawsuit following the incident. Union Carbide U.S. and Union Carbide India called the event an â€Å"act of sabotage† while the Indian Government relinquished UnionShow MoreRelatedEssay about Bhopal Ethical Issues1307 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: In the morning of December 3, 1984 a tragic event occurred in the city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the worlds worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL)s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, safety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibilityRead MoreBhopal Ethical Issues1350 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: In the morning of December 3, 1984 a tragic event occurred in the city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the world s worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL) s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, safety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibilityRead MoreBhopal Gas Tragedy7928 Words   |  32 Pages[pic] TERM PAPER ON BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY : IS THE GOVERNMENT SLEEPING Submitted to :- Submitted by :- Lect.Vishwas chakranarayan Harpreet singh Roll no. A18 Section :- S1001 INDEX 1.Preface 2.Acknowledgement 3.Contents 4.IntroductionRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 PagesExecutive Summary On December 3, 1984, toxic poisonous methyl isocyanate gas leaked from Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL s) pesticide plant in Bhopal. The gas leak triggered a disaster that is now widely recognized as the world worst industrial catastrophe. Thousands of people were killed instantly and more than 25,000 people have died of gas-related illnesses, several thousands more maimed for life since. Union Carbide negotiated a settlement with the Indian Government in 1989 for $470 millionRead MoreCasualties Gone Unnoticed : The Marginalizing Effect Of Relief Efforts1993 Words   |  8 Pagesmainstream society again. Such individuals may face alienation from society and are hence, rendered to live their lives at the margins. This marginalization and isolation tends to have a debilitating effect on the health of these individuals. This paper aims to corroborate the significance of psychological first-aid and counseling in the aftermath of man-made disasters, deprived of which the well-being of the society is threatened. 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Transportation Most of the

GCSE statistics coursework Free Essays

In this coursework I am going to investigate the affect that age has on the car. I am going to look at price, engine size, mileage, and age of the car. By the end of the coursework I am aiming to have a set of results about how the cars are affected by the age, price and mileage. We will write a custom essay sample on GCSE statistics coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now My prediction should show that * As the car increases its price will decrease * The higher the mileage the price will decrease. Plan I am going to be collecting a sample of 100 cars. I will find mean, median, mode and range for some certain makes of cars, from the data I have been given. I will then represent my data by the following diagrams * Bar charts * Tally charts * Pie charts * Standard deviation (mean and mean deviation) * Scatter diagrams. The reason why I am doing so many diagrams is to give a clear understanding and also to give the reader a pictorial view about what is happening, and also I must say to get more accurate results. The diagrams would maintain a clear understanding and show what is happening to the cars and what people prefer according to their engine size. After each of the diagram I would explain how I did the diagram and what people prefer and why. I would compare the mean, median and mode to support my hypothesis. At the end of the coursework I would be doing a conclusion explaining what has happened and why. I am going to calculate the number of each type of car according to its age and mileage. I would provide my entire hypothesis to get more accurate results and also to include my prediction. I would provide me working on computer to avoid biased results and also to get more accurate results. I think doing my investigation on computer would give a better pictorial view than by hand. I predict that as the age of car increases the mileage would increase. I think that this is because an older car would have been driven more than a new car and therefore How to cite GCSE statistics coursework, Papers

Management Decision to Retain the Fleet

Question: Discuss the management decision to retain the fleet, staff, and destinations. Answer: Introduction Wombat and Koala Airlines have decided to merge their businesses. Wombat is a full service airline while Koala is a low cost carrier (LCC). It has been decided by the management that the existing staff, fleet will be retained by the combined entity. Further, it has been decided that Wombat will adopt the reservation system of Koala as the reservation system of Wombat is outdated. It has also been decided that the combined entity will operate as a premium based low cost carrier. The third decision by management is to remove face to face customer support and charge 15% premium for booking tickets through agents, tour operators and third party websites. We will discuss in this report how the decisions taken by the management fit into the scheme of things and whether they are the appropriate decisions. Why do airlines merge The airline industry is very competitive and there is very less room to extract profit. The operating costs are very high in the airlines industry. One of the main reasons to merge is that the airlines believe that they cant give out consistent profits alone.(Hewitt, n.d.) An airline cant operate on all the profitable routes. They simply dont have the resources to do that, so they best way out to cover all the routes is to merge.(Wang, 2012) The Low Costs Carriers have occupied the most lucrative and profitable routes. Full time carriers are not able to cover costs with their big fleets flying to all big and small destinations. The senior carriers have a senior and expensive labour force to pay for. Their hub and spoke system is losing sheen as airport congestion transforms every connection into an opportunity to miss a flight. The market share of hub and spoke airlines have fallen from 85 % to 57% in the last fifteen years.(NYT, 2010) As airlines merge, consolidating the market, it gives pricing power to the airlines.(Hschelrath Mller) As the number of airlines becomes less, the number of routes and flights flown also reduce. Thus, cutting down the number of seats available. Hence, it enables the airline to charge high rates.(Nocera, 2013) The Hurdles to a Merger Integration Integrating two airlines is a mammoth task, one that has been misjudged by many airlines in the past. They bought the airline and underestimated the differences between the two entities and played down the complexities of integration which led to unintended effects (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2014)nowadays, the sizes of airlines have increased dramatically, the financial pressure is greater, and system integration is much more complex. (Hansson, Neilson, Belin, 2001) The tactical issue involved in an airline merger is humongous.( Carlton, Landes, Posner) A study conducted by Booz Allen Hamilton states that two third of mergers dont meet the stated objectives due to execution related issues. Only 32% attributed failure to strategic reasons such as poor fit or overly ambitious project. The main hurdles to merger integration are: The merged organisation gives less importance to the complexities surrounding the whole acquisition be it systems, labour, etc. Labour strikes have been a major headache in many airline mergers. Sickouts, lost luggage have increased costs of many mergers.(Isidore, 2013) The acquirer is not aware of the operational issues and processes of the business model of the airline it is acquiring, specifically what makes it successful. While it may have targeted a certain amount of synergy through combined operations, the acquiring airline often does not devote time to understand the operations, best practices, critical talent and key success factors of the target airline.(United States Government Accountability Office, 2010) Many airline mergers fail due to lapses in planning and execution. Too much of pre-merger planning is done without taking stock of ground issues. System issues are a huge reason for this because airlines attempt to integrate a mix of modern systems with legacy systems. A Framework for Integration The merger integration should follow a phased integration approach. The integration should be divided into phases such as the first 100 days or so.(Benkard, Bodoh-Creed, Lazarev, 2010) This strategy yields best possible revenue and cost synergies in the early phase while maintaining safety and facilitating operation integration. Given below is a framework for the first 100 days. a. Airlines to be merged (Transition Phase) Different networks (two CRS codes) Various products Different service experiences Separate systems for frequent fliers Look and feel in transition Quick-hit cost synergies captured (e.g., best contract pricing) b. Connected Airlines Merging of facilities like gates, reassignment of some maintenance work, ticket offices, etc. Pricing and scheduling brought on the same network Feel of the same service Frequent flier program merged Same look and feel Temporary systems to link customer systems Start of rebranding of aircrafts Some departments integrated c. One Airline: Integrating the two Migrate on to the same network Information systems integration Single loyalty program Same customer service Same branding on aircrafts Closure of unnecessary facilities Consolidation of common resources Most of the staff have been integrated d. One Airline- Similar and single face Common Operating Procedure Single brand One or similar product ( No differences) Consistent service Single look and feel (No differences in customer perception) Single organization IT systems integrated At first, the senior management team needs to be designated instantly. One of the greatest obstacles in merger integration is of composing a suitable team comprising the best of both the organisations.(Hansson, Neilson, Belin, 2001) The integration of gate operations is a major starting point. It is not only a visible stand point of the merger but also affects the customer experience. It is also a source of cost saving as you exit gate areas; your rental expenditure goes down. Other such quick cost saving strategies is selective sourcing of maintenance procedures. The maximum revenue synergies come from amalgamation of IT systems; it should be a topmost priority. Integration of customer systems enables the customer to feel that one-airline theme, although, two airlines exist behind the scenes. The work load depends on the partnership and compatibility of these two airlines IS and IT infrastructure. One has to analyse the convenience trade-offs and costs of transitioning into an interim customer system or to one of the airlines system. Employee training costs also are needed to be kept in mind while making this decision. Designating the management team and managing the airport integration will consume much of the integration teams attention in the first 100 days. Full operational integration will take much longer, and will depend on a lot of issues like fleet and operational system compatibility. Dealing with System Integration System issues are one of the primary drivers of the entire process and influence various aspects of the merger process. Systems touch the customer throughout, which ranges from process such as tallying frequent flyer points till creating and pricing connecting itineraries to prompting an agent to provide an upgrade. These many touch points assign too much importance to systems because proper functioning ensures a smooth customer experience. (Borenstein) The main questions to ponder are: Are you investing in strong interim systems for improving customer experience during the process of transition or is your focus only on the integration and developing the experience afterwards meanwhile using communication to bring down customer expectation. Do you expand the capacity of the existing system or design entirely new systems? (Harlan, 2015) The employee systems should not be overlooked because this can send strong and sublime signals to the workforce. As we all know the importance of workforce in merger integration. Discussion on Management Decisions Till now we have discussed how integration should be carried out. We have discussed what factors need to be kept in mind. We have three management decisions we need to discuss. We will start with the first decision. The management decided that the combined company will retain the fleet, staff and destinations. Additionally, Wombats ageing systems will be merged with Koalas system. As we know that the fleet of both the airlines consists of the same aircraft so retention of fleet is a good decision as this would not lead to high maintenance costs because the aircraft is of the same company. This would give the new merged entity more resources at their disposal. One major expense would be rebranding of the aircrafts but the synergy coming from this would be outweighing the costs. Retaining the destinations would also give higher coverage to the combined entity but overlapping and multiple flights should be removed. Keeping the staff of both the airlines is also a smart decision subject to that high increase employee costs could be outdone by the increase in revenue.(Kochan, n.d.) Keeping the staff also boosts the morale of the employees and prevents labour unrests which we have listed before as a m ajor problem in merger integration of airlines. Wombat is dependent on agents and tour operators for reservations. Its information systems are outdated(Martin, 2015). As we have stated before that system integration is one of the major drivers of merger integration. So this decision to migrate Wombats information system to Koalas needs to be properly evaluated. The technology used in information systems of Koala Airlines is up to date and merging Wombats information systems with Koalas is a good decision. Although, it involves employee training costs, which must be less than the synergy benefits coming from this decision.(Newman, 2008) Coming to the second management decision of operating the combined airlines as a premium based low cost carrier. It is an intelligent decision, keeping in mind that Wombat is a full service airline and Koala is a low cost carrier. Customers of Wombat are used to a certain level of service. This premium based low cost service would be able to provide the required level of service to Wombats customers and also keep the low cost customer base of Koala. We should also keep in mind the aircraft configuration of both the airlines is same (both accommodate 300 passengers); this should also enable us to implement this premium based low cost carrier strategy. This new type of product should be properly communicated to the customers. The premium customers should not feel that there has been a degradation of service due to this merger and the customers of Koala also should not feel that they are paying more for the same service.(The Motley Fool, n.d.) Third decision by the management is to charge a service charge of 15% on tickets booked by agents, tour operators and third party websites, provide 24X7 online and telephonic customer supports and remove face to face customer support. The decision to charge such high service charges by the management on booking done by third parties needs to be looked into. It might lead to devaluation of the brand value of the combined entity. The service charge should be abolished or it should be kept at a minimum. The decision to remove face to face customer support may also be detrimental. As Wombat is a full service carrier, it will have many high profile customers who would prefer to have face to face customer support to resolve their issues. It is a very important decision to have face to face customer interaction because these interactions provide a lot of insights about customers and also it is an important customer touch point. Conclusion As discussed above the management decision to retain the fleet, staff, and destinations and migrate Wombats information systems to Koalas system is a good decision and would result in high amount of synergies. The second decision to operate as a premium based low cost carrier is also a good decision as booth the merging carriers have different clientele and this type of offering would satisfy both segments of clients. The third decision to charge high service charge when tickets are booked through third party and removing face to face customer support needs to be reconsidered. This decision could lead to alienation of the customers. As many customers of Wombat would be high profile persons, it would be best to have physical customer touch points. References Carlton, D. W., Landes, W. M., Posner, R. A. (n.d.). Benefits and Costs of Airline Mergers: A Case Study. Benkard, C. L., Bodoh-Creed, A., Lazarev, J. (2010). Simulating the Dybamic effect of Horizontal Mergers: US Airlines. Borenstein, S. (n.d.). Airline Mergers, Airport Dominance and Market Power. Hansson, T., Neilson, G., Belin, S. (2001). Airline Merger Integration: Take-off Checklist. Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. Harlan, C. (2015, September 25). Landing a mega-merger: The last days of US Airways. The Washington Post. Hewitt, E. (n.d.). Seven Ways the AA/US Airways Merger Will Hurt You. Retrieved from Independent Traveler. Hschelrath, K., Mller, K. (n.d.). Market power, efficiencies, and entry: Evidence from an airline merger. Isidore, C. (2013, February 13). Airline mergers mean more lost luggage, flight delays. Retrieved from CNN Money: