Police Brutality

Over the recent years, police have been one of the organizations to be associated with the largest cases of misconduct. Police brutality can be termed as the process of misuse and abuse of authority by the police. The rising cases of police brutality are causing more harm to the public, compared to the actions perpetrated by real criminals. Although police claim that It's sometimes necessary to curb crime, the process Is Illegal and police officers should be charged Just like any other criminal offender.It should be the responsibility of the Justice system to establish effective tragedies to deal with the rising Illegal satellites In order to restore public trust In the law enforcement authorities. The police, the group with the responsibility of protecting citizens, commit Illegal satellites. Individuals engaged In law enforcement satellites can define police brutality as the process of using excessive force.In addition to the abuse of power by the police force, the term is also use d to illustrate the misuse of power by individuals in the municipal, correctional facilities and other facilities subjected to reforming and retaining criminals. In a case reported in the ear 2011, SWAT (Special Weapons and Tactics) team, killed a 31 year old man in a mistaken identity (Roberts 1). It is evident that several law enforcement individuals have been conducting careless investigations.It is evident that these cases are rarely reported either because the victims are uninformed of their rights, or the victim is afraid that same police who committed the misconduct in the first place will also be involved in investigating the abuse cases. By the year 2011, there were over 470, 000 reported cases of police brutality, that could be easily located on the internet Roberts 1 Although people are gradually being encouraged to report abuse cases, the numbers have not decreased.Compared to the level of crime and the reported criminal activities, it shows that the public is usually at risk of being attacked by a police officer than a real criminal Monsoon 365). This means that police are becoming some of the individuals highly involved in criminal activities. Various Forms of Police Brutality The longstanding perception is that police brutality Involves only physical assaults. However, the term can also mean psychological assault, abuse and other forms of issue of power.Some of the remarkable forms of police brutality Involve false arrests and accusing the wrong person. In Dalton, Intimidation and police profiling can also be considered police brutality, since It Involves Intrusion Into the rights and the property of Individuals. Physical brutality Is one of the most widespread, and In most cases, Individuals are subjected to torture and other physical harm. Ordinarily, people do not consider the various harsh treatments, being hit with police batons and being pressed by the police shield as part of police brutality.In most cases, people sustain very bad injurie s from some activities of the police. Psychological brutality is mostly brought about by verbal abuses and subjecting the public to inappropriate conditions. Psychological intimidation may also occur in situations where the police are holding a suspect and they subject him or her to threats on temporary psychological breakdown. In most cases, the reported cases are only those involving physical assaults, mostly because there is usually enough evidence to charge the involved personnel.Causes of brutality One of the main causes of police brutality is the authority vested in the police officers y their superiors, to ensure that law is enforced when necessary. When police officers are given the option to chose when to, and when not to, use excessive force, they end up abusing the power of choice by making the wrong decisions even when dealing with petty crimes. In addition, police may gradually develop some dislike for lawbreakers, especially in situations where the surroundings are ful l of criminals.Police officers in a crime prone region and in areas with extreme rowdy criminal behavior may develop some degree of dislike for the law breakers and their approach to dealing with the criminals may be brutal. In such situations, the police officers enforcing law and order act based on their emotions rather than their professional expectations. The gradual dislike leads the police officers to always contemplate on ending the rising crime and in the end; they find themselves using excessive force, even in situations where force was not needed.The SWAT team is one response unit that is trained and psychologically prepared to deal with tough and resisting criminals. In addition, the response team is issued with specific orders to use excessive force when necessary; especially if they note that, the criminals are ungenerous and may harm others. The above reasons police have also been known to use excessive force is because they think that they are above the law. Due to th e power vested in the police to deal with all types of crimes and to carry weapons, they soon develop the notion that they are above the law and end up misusing their powers instead of protecting the public.In addition to the feeling of being above the law, there are no practical and effective internal accountability mechanisms to regulate the excessive use of force by the police officers. Many police officers take advantage of the fact that many member of the public are uninformed of their rights and they therefore subject themselves to harm, on the basis that they are above the law. Lack of internal investigation procedures, especially due to solidarity, makes the police force lack effective internal investigative structures to check the misuse of powers by the police officers.In most cases, police may feel mandated by the blue codes to protect fellow police officers in case they are involved in criminal activities (Isoclinic 7). Blue codes is a code of silence amongst police offi cers. In such instances, the criminal is always perceived to be wrong and any action taken by the police is justified based on the existing police cultures. In most cases, police departments are established under tight and strong hierarchical models that make it hard to implement ethical decision processes (Owens and Prefer 7).This means that the decisions to engage, or not to engage, in brutal activities when dealing with the public are not clear, In addition to the faults in the system, the other issues that lead to police brutality may include psychological and behavioral backgrounds of the law enforcement officers. In most cases, police are left to deal with criminals, while still suffering from psychological and sociological disengagement. Some of the reasons committed. In addition, some officers claim that they act under authority of the senior police officers.Although these reasons can be possible, they do not Justify the actions on the public, who trust the police officers f or protection. Civil rights Some of the legislations protecting the public against police brutality include the Fourth Amendment that protects citizens against unwarranted searches and seizures ND if an individual feels that the rights have been violated, they should immediately report to the relevant authorities. In addition to the fourth amendment, the Civil Rights Act 1871 protects the public from being harassed or mistreated in anyway whatsoever by the police.The law, which was enacted to protect the minority groups fighting for their rights, however exempts the public from making claims on brutality in section 42 of the 1983, edition (Civil Rights Division 1). The other legislation protecting the public against police brutality is the fourteenth amendment that establishes equality irrespective of responsibility vested by the law. Citizens have the right to have a fair trial and the police should not take it upon themselves to pass judgment and incriminate a suspect without goin g through the appropriate Justice process.The above legislations protect the public from police brutality by stating the rights of an individual, even when they perpetrate a crime. In case an individual is armed, it should be the responsibility of the police officer to disarm the criminal with minimal possible injury. This civil rights establish the boundaries and ensures that Alice act within their vested powers. In case of any brutality, individuals are encouraged to report the incident like any other crime in order to get the required support.Solutions to police brutality One of the groups that have come forth to protect the public against police brutality is the Amnesty International. This organization has been vibrant in identifying the rampant cases and in pressuring the government to establish internal strategies to deal with the ever-rising police brutality. The organization also identifies and releases reports indicating the prevailing police brutality in different regions. The external agencies notwithstanding, it should be the responsibility of each member of the public to ensure that they understand their rights and to report abuse cases as soon as they occur.In addition, the societal based cop-watch group should also ensure that the crimes are reported and conduct a follow up on the reported cases to ensure that Justice is served. The police departments should also establish flexible and effective accountability strategies that incriminates any police officers abusing power, and ethical guidelines should be enacted to prevent the police officers from purporting their own based on the existing cultures (Civil Rights Division 1). The justice system should also be strengthened to ensure that police law breakers are not left unpunished.The investigators of police brutality should be from independent bodies to avoid biasness during investigations. Since it has been a common trend for police officers to support their fellow officers over the criminals, the Justice system should set up an independent body to evaluate the operations of required. The government should also start an awareness campaign to educate the public about their rights and to explain about the appropriate channels for airing grievances associated with police brutality. Police Brutality ?Lucy Sanchez English 1302 Mr. Gonzalez 8 April 2009 Police Brutality Draft Who can forget the Los Angeles riots and the Rodney King beating in 1991? This case of police brutality was the most widely known. Over the years, it seems that police abuse remains one of the most serious human rights violations in the United States. It makes the people wonder if in fact police officers are doing their job and if they are here to protect us. Police officers get away with unjustified shootings, fatal choking, rough treatments, and severe beatings. Police brutality needs to be addressed and there has to be harsher punishment to minimize the amount of police brutality that happens. A punishment that they can receive for their brutality is harsher sentencing and job dismissals. If such a case should go to court the judge and jurors should sentence the police officer. If the case was minor then the chief of police or someone in charge. There is not a day that goes by that somewhere in the United States that an innocent civilian gets beaten from a police officer for no apparent reason. Sometimes the reason is because a police officer is racist. Racism, discrimination, and police brutality all go hand in hand because police officers usually do not go around beating civilians up for no reason. Usually the motive is because they are racist. The most major race that was affected by police brutality seems to be Caucasian people but according to the â€Å"NAACP, they say that between 1976 and 1987, officers killed about 1,800 blacks and 3,000 whites. Since blacks comprise approximately 12% of the general population, the data suggest that blacks are about three times more likely to be killed by officers than whites†. These appalling numbers are probably on the rise. It seems that there is no escape for police brutality because it can happen to anyone not just African Americans or Caucasians. Although, mostly Africans Americans are targeted it can happen to any other race. Police officers feel because they are the law they can do whatever they please. They feel that they are above the law. My father, who is now deceased, was a victim of police brutality. It was about eight years ago when the Garden Grove police department of California barged in my dad’s apartment around three in the morning with a warrant. The first thing I remember was when he was slightly beaten with their hands to arrest him. My younger brother and I were watching the whole thing and the police new we were there. So how could they even think about doing this in front of us? I asked my father when I visited him in jail,† Why do cops treat people this way? † He simply said,’’ they think they are above the law and they have no respect for Mexicans†. (Ruben Paz). When he told me this I never liked police officers no matter who they were. I hated them with a passion. I assumed they were racist. This kind of police brutality may not have been that severe but the case with Rodney King it was without a doubt. One reason that this incident of police brutality is so famous is because it was captured on tape. Watching this tape may be hard to watch because it is obviously seen that Rodney is defenseless and has no weapon, yet he is surrounded by six or seven police officers that are beating him to death with their nightsticks. Many agree that this was no regular traffic stop. The police officers that took part in this brutality at first were not punished at all. That is what caused the riots because people were very angry that those police officers could get away with such a crime, especially because it was caught on videotape. Later, according to Los Angeles Times, after taking a second look at the tape, two officers were sentenced to prison for violating Rodney King’s rights. The aftermath of this videotape was that people were not safe. African Americans were afraid of police officers and knew they were a target every time. While driving, walking, or even standing on a corner they are a target no matter where they go. When a victim has evidence that a police officer had assaulted or beat them in some way, that is proof and all they need to convict the police officer. In many cases, when this is brought to court or police department the punishment they give the police officers for their brutality is verbal reprimands, reprimand letters, suspensions, or dismissals. These punishments should be harder depending on the severity of the case. For example, according to facts. com, a police officer was not charged for the brutality he caused on an innocent civilian. His only punishment was a couple days suspension and he was back to work. Many police officers get this type if treatment. It is rare that an actual police officer gets convicted and sentenced to jail. Police officers should serve time behind bars to teach them a lesson. They should be treated just like the rest of the civilians. One right punishment an officer received for his brutality is eighteen months in jail and three years of probation. Michael Singleton, which was a police officer for Maywood police Department in California, rammed a civilian’s head against a wall. The victim Jose Bernal was knocked unconscious, his nose was broken, and suffered temporary paralysis to one side of his face (Los Angeles Times). This type of punishment that Michael Singleton received is very rare because he was actually convicted. After so many cases reported of police brutality many cannot beat he system. Because police officers are above us in law we cannot win. We can if we have hard evidence o them, but sometimes even that cannot help us because of the corruption inside police departments. In order to decrease the amount of brutalities we have to first define the barriers of what is brutality and what is their job as police officers. Another way can result in more constant training and better use of force training and policies. When people are in trouble and the only number they can call for help is 911 we sometimes think about it twice before we call. How can we be afraid to even call the police department? Has it in fact changed the way we think about police officers? They are supposedly here to serve and protect but how can we believe that when they are committing crimes themselves? Police brutality is no joke. One question I have been asking myself for a very long time is, â€Å"Who can police the police? † it may not make sense but to me it does. How can they be trusted when they are the law? They should not be above it but they act as if they are. Of course not all police officers are bad. Some are police officers because they are here to serve and protect those that cannot protect themselves. It is safe to say that there are some good cops but more sure that there are more bad cops. It is a sad thing but only my opinion based on the experiences I have encountered with them. In the past I used to hate cops but I learned to know that some could be trusted. Even though, police brutality will never stop and that is a known fact, I will always keep my guard up. Works Cited Los Angeles Times. 18 October 2008.. â€Å"Police Brutality. †   Issues & Controversies On File   3 Oct. 2003. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services. 9 Apr. 2009   . â€Å"Police Corruption. †   Issues & Controversies On File   30 Apr. 2004. Issues & Controversies. Facts On File News Services. 7 Apr. 2009   . Rodney King. 2007. video. 12 April 2009. .

criminal justice internship Essay - 1122 Words

Dallas County Adult Probation nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Denise Catherine Tobias 133 North Industrial Blvdnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Dr. Barrum Dallas, TX 75207 nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;REPORT #7nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Evaluation and Consolidation of Goals nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Your final report should be a complete report of your internship experiences under the title â€Å"How I†¦show more content†¦Criminology itself is the systematic study of the nature, extent, etiology and control of lawbreaking behavior. The core components revealed in this course are definitions of crime in nature as harm causing behavior, the descriptions and classifications of criminals, the analysis of crime, profiles of everyday victims and offenses, and the origin of crime. The field of probation relies heavily on these components in order to understand and properly categorize offenders, stay aware of offender’s mental and emotional status, and attempt to predict the future of criminal offenders. The various theories presented in Criminology 262 help shape the Dallas County Adult Probation Department and serve as model types used to minimize the risks associated with sentencing alternatives. The agency assesses the same theoretical categories provided by Criminology 262 such as sociological, biological, and psychological explanations of crime in an attempt to better deal with offenders. The internship experience has supported the previous notion installed through Criminology 262 that one single theory cannot explain crime. The combination of each theory and perspective enabled an opinion of individuality to form. In opposition to the core components embedded in the course, the personally constructed opinion that criminal offenders cannot be categorized and must exist on individual levels was formed from the internship experience. The Dallas County Adult ProbationShow MoreRelatedEssay about Criminal Justice Internship1129 Words   |  5 PagesGoals Your final report should be a complete report of your internship experiences under the title How I Evaluate Myself as a Future Criminal Justice Worker, and may not exceed five typed pages. Describe the extent to which the theoretical knowledge included your course work at the College of Criminal Justice at Sam Houston State University contributed to your field practice experience during your internship. 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Philosophy and Knowledge Rene Descartes Objection and...

In Descartes Objection and Replies the idea of knowledge, how it is gained and defined, and the idea of true intellect are discussed. Through the use of the wax experiment true intellect is found, defined, and explained. With this being said he wanted to demonstrate how none of the truths we found through basic perceptive tools or senses can be relied upon and that you had to utilize deep though or knowledge to know how something is defined or even if it exists. The reasoning behind the investigation of the wax in the second meditation is that the wax serves as an analogy of our perception on life and what we assume is truth. Descartes believed that many or even most of the truths we know could in fact be an illusion. This means that†¦show more content†¦Through the knowledge of himself he was able to realize the not only the candle is real but the same regardless of it being melted. The way Descartes believes that was can be perceived through intellect alone is that it can define or acknowledge the existence of the wax with out the use of things like senses. He thought that there are many times when our senses or perceptions deceive us (332 AT VI). Even if we believed it was a certain truth it can often be proven against and wrong, thus senses and perception are not reliable (386 AT VI). The way in which this is done is you must think of the wax and realize that regardless or how its physical appearance and smell may have altered it is still in fact wax. With this being said the way that you realize that this is the case is not through senses because they would say it is no longer the same, but knowledge. Through knowledge you realized that it is still in fact wax. The way, in which this was realized is through analyzing the wax it was envision in the mind, thus you saw yourself analyzing the wax. This showed that the wax was real and not a figment or manipulation because you yourself are there. Your presence in the mind is what verifies that this is the truth. The reason being that you know yourself more than anything, thus if you were there in the thought then whatever truth was acquired is in fact real. The reason Descartes believes you know yourself better than anything else (360Show MoreRelatedDescartes Argument For The Discovery Of Scientific Truth Essay1192 Words   |  5 Pagesoffered by Renà © Descartes in Rules for the Discovery of Scientific Truth. In order to accomplish this task, I will discern and explain Descartes’ argument, offer what I consider to be the most significant objection to the argument, and contemplate how Descartes would reply to my objection. For the purposes of explanation, I will temporarily put aside the first sentence of the paragraph in which Descartes’ argument can be found. 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While this may appear to be a very wide and ambiguous opinion, it becomes very specific in regards to our own existence. Paul Churchland puts it very explicitly in his book Matter and Consciousness, and defines dualism as the idea that, â€Å"the essential n ature of consciousRead MoreLanguage and the Destiny of Man12402 Words   |  50 PagesÅžtefan Afloroaei / Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism† Descartes and the â€Å"metaphysical dualism†: Excesses in interpreting a classic* Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi Abstract The article focuses on one of the most serious accusations brought against Descartes and modern philosophy, namely â€Å"the dualism of substance†. The accusers claim that the human body and soul were viewed as completely separate; consequently, their relationship as such and the united being of man become incomprehensible. As

Reaction Paper Bhopal Post - 1375 Words

A Reaction of the Bhopal Case This reaction paper is based on the ethics case: Bhopal-Union Carbide. First, I discuss an overview of the case. Second, I relate the case to principles discussed in class. Third, I evaluate the various points raised in class and present my point of view. Overview of the case In December 1984, the pesticide producing plant, Union Carbide, leaked methyl isocyanate gas in Bhopal, India. A substance that accidently entered the methyl isocyanate storage unit caused the gas to boil and leak into the air. The leak was undetected for over an hour since the plant’s manager and senior operator distrusted the corroded alarm instruments. In addition, all emergency response equipment had either been disabled or was†¦show more content†¦Four years after the incident, Union Carbide U.S. agreed to pay the Indian Government US $470M and was absolved of present and future responsibility, including properly cleaning up the site (Rajagopalan 2010). Principles discussed in class There are two major ethics principles that arise from this case. The first is that an agent or agency should take responsibility for their actions. According to Moldoveanu (2012), responsibility is the â€Å"property of an agent that makes him or her willingly bear the consequences (incur the costs and claim the benefits) of his or her chosen courses of action.† The three active agents involved in this case, the Indian Government, Union Carbide U.S. and Union Carbide India, discarded their responsibilities prior to the disaster. The Indian Government neglected to enforce environmental laws, Union Carbide U.S. instructed its subsidiary to run the plant without proper equipment, and Union Carbide India failed to instruct its parent of major ongoing problems. Businesses are legally required to not be negligent in their actions, and they should take responsibility when mistakes or accidents happen. In this case, all three agents abdicated their respon sibilities leading up to the incident, as well as in the lawsuit following the incident. Union Carbide U.S. and Union Carbide India called the event an â€Å"act of sabotage† while the Indian Government relinquished UnionShow MoreRelatedEssay about Bhopal Ethical Issues1307 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: In the morning of December 3, 1984 a tragic event occurred in the city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the worlds worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL)s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, safety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibilityRead MoreBhopal Ethical Issues1350 Words   |  6 Pages1. Introduction: In the morning of December 3, 1984 a tragic event occurred in the city of Bhopal, the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. It has been known as the world s worst industrial disaster. A Union Carbide India, Limited (UCIL) s plant released 40 tonnes of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which instantly killed over 3,000 people and carrying on causing the death of more than 20,000. This tragic event involved not only the technical, safety issues at the time, but also ethical issues on the responsibilityRead MoreBhopal Gas Tragedy7928 Words   |  32 Pages[pic] TERM PAPER ON BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY : IS THE GOVERNMENT SLEEPING Submitted to :- Submitted by :- Lect.Vishwas chakranarayan Harpreet singh Roll no. A18 Section :- S1001 INDEX 1.Preface 2.Acknowledgement 3.Contents 4.IntroductionRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 PagesExecutive Summary On December 3, 1984, toxic poisonous methyl isocyanate gas leaked from Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL s) pesticide plant in Bhopal. The gas leak triggered a disaster that is now widely recognized as the world worst industrial catastrophe. Thousands of people were killed instantly and more than 25,000 people have died of gas-related illnesses, several thousands more maimed for life since. Union Carbide negotiated a settlement with the Indian Government in 1989 for $470 millionRead MoreCasualties Gone Unnoticed : The Marginalizing Effect Of Relief Efforts1993 Words   |  8 Pagesmainstream society again. Such individuals may face alienation from society and are hence, rendered to live their lives at the margins. This marginalization and isolation tends to have a debilitating effect on the health of these individuals. This paper aims to corroborate the significance of psychological first-aid and counseling in the aftermath of man-made disasters, deprived of which the well-being of the society is threatened. 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Transportation Most of the

GCSE statistics coursework Free Essays

In this coursework I am going to investigate the affect that age has on the car. I am going to look at price, engine size, mileage, and age of the car. By the end of the coursework I am aiming to have a set of results about how the cars are affected by the age, price and mileage. We will write a custom essay sample on GCSE statistics coursework or any similar topic only for you Order Now My prediction should show that * As the car increases its price will decrease * The higher the mileage the price will decrease. Plan I am going to be collecting a sample of 100 cars. I will find mean, median, mode and range for some certain makes of cars, from the data I have been given. I will then represent my data by the following diagrams * Bar charts * Tally charts * Pie charts * Standard deviation (mean and mean deviation) * Scatter diagrams. The reason why I am doing so many diagrams is to give a clear understanding and also to give the reader a pictorial view about what is happening, and also I must say to get more accurate results. The diagrams would maintain a clear understanding and show what is happening to the cars and what people prefer according to their engine size. After each of the diagram I would explain how I did the diagram and what people prefer and why. I would compare the mean, median and mode to support my hypothesis. At the end of the coursework I would be doing a conclusion explaining what has happened and why. I am going to calculate the number of each type of car according to its age and mileage. I would provide my entire hypothesis to get more accurate results and also to include my prediction. I would provide me working on computer to avoid biased results and also to get more accurate results. I think doing my investigation on computer would give a better pictorial view than by hand. I predict that as the age of car increases the mileage would increase. I think that this is because an older car would have been driven more than a new car and therefore How to cite GCSE statistics coursework, Papers

Management Decision to Retain the Fleet

Question: Discuss the management decision to retain the fleet, staff, and destinations. Answer: Introduction Wombat and Koala Airlines have decided to merge their businesses. Wombat is a full service airline while Koala is a low cost carrier (LCC). It has been decided by the management that the existing staff, fleet will be retained by the combined entity. Further, it has been decided that Wombat will adopt the reservation system of Koala as the reservation system of Wombat is outdated. It has also been decided that the combined entity will operate as a premium based low cost carrier. The third decision by management is to remove face to face customer support and charge 15% premium for booking tickets through agents, tour operators and third party websites. We will discuss in this report how the decisions taken by the management fit into the scheme of things and whether they are the appropriate decisions. Why do airlines merge The airline industry is very competitive and there is very less room to extract profit. The operating costs are very high in the airlines industry. One of the main reasons to merge is that the airlines believe that they cant give out consistent profits alone.(Hewitt, n.d.) An airline cant operate on all the profitable routes. They simply dont have the resources to do that, so they best way out to cover all the routes is to merge.(Wang, 2012) The Low Costs Carriers have occupied the most lucrative and profitable routes. Full time carriers are not able to cover costs with their big fleets flying to all big and small destinations. The senior carriers have a senior and expensive labour force to pay for. Their hub and spoke system is losing sheen as airport congestion transforms every connection into an opportunity to miss a flight. The market share of hub and spoke airlines have fallen from 85 % to 57% in the last fifteen years.(NYT, 2010) As airlines merge, consolidating the market, it gives pricing power to the airlines.(Hschelrath Mller) As the number of airlines becomes less, the number of routes and flights flown also reduce. Thus, cutting down the number of seats available. Hence, it enables the airline to charge high rates.(Nocera, 2013) The Hurdles to a Merger Integration Integrating two airlines is a mammoth task, one that has been misjudged by many airlines in the past. They bought the airline and underestimated the differences between the two entities and played down the complexities of integration which led to unintended effects (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2014)nowadays, the sizes of airlines have increased dramatically, the financial pressure is greater, and system integration is much more complex. (Hansson, Neilson, Belin, 2001) The tactical issue involved in an airline merger is humongous.( Carlton, Landes, Posner) A study conducted by Booz Allen Hamilton states that two third of mergers dont meet the stated objectives due to execution related issues. Only 32% attributed failure to strategic reasons such as poor fit or overly ambitious project. The main hurdles to merger integration are: The merged organisation gives less importance to the complexities surrounding the whole acquisition be it systems, labour, etc. Labour strikes have been a major headache in many airline mergers. Sickouts, lost luggage have increased costs of many mergers.(Isidore, 2013) The acquirer is not aware of the operational issues and processes of the business model of the airline it is acquiring, specifically what makes it successful. While it may have targeted a certain amount of synergy through combined operations, the acquiring airline often does not devote time to understand the operations, best practices, critical talent and key success factors of the target airline.(United States Government Accountability Office, 2010) Many airline mergers fail due to lapses in planning and execution. Too much of pre-merger planning is done without taking stock of ground issues. System issues are a huge reason for this because airlines attempt to integrate a mix of modern systems with legacy systems. A Framework for Integration The merger integration should follow a phased integration approach. The integration should be divided into phases such as the first 100 days or so.(Benkard, Bodoh-Creed, Lazarev, 2010) This strategy yields best possible revenue and cost synergies in the early phase while maintaining safety and facilitating operation integration. Given below is a framework for the first 100 days. a. Airlines to be merged (Transition Phase) Different networks (two CRS codes) Various products Different service experiences Separate systems for frequent fliers Look and feel in transition Quick-hit cost synergies captured (e.g., best contract pricing) b. Connected Airlines Merging of facilities like gates, reassignment of some maintenance work, ticket offices, etc. Pricing and scheduling brought on the same network Feel of the same service Frequent flier program merged Same look and feel Temporary systems to link customer systems Start of rebranding of aircrafts Some departments integrated c. One Airline: Integrating the two Migrate on to the same network Information systems integration Single loyalty program Same customer service Same branding on aircrafts Closure of unnecessary facilities Consolidation of common resources Most of the staff have been integrated d. One Airline- Similar and single face Common Operating Procedure Single brand One or similar product ( No differences) Consistent service Single look and feel (No differences in customer perception) Single organization IT systems integrated At first, the senior management team needs to be designated instantly. One of the greatest obstacles in merger integration is of composing a suitable team comprising the best of both the organisations.(Hansson, Neilson, Belin, 2001) The integration of gate operations is a major starting point. It is not only a visible stand point of the merger but also affects the customer experience. It is also a source of cost saving as you exit gate areas; your rental expenditure goes down. Other such quick cost saving strategies is selective sourcing of maintenance procedures. The maximum revenue synergies come from amalgamation of IT systems; it should be a topmost priority. Integration of customer systems enables the customer to feel that one-airline theme, although, two airlines exist behind the scenes. The work load depends on the partnership and compatibility of these two airlines IS and IT infrastructure. One has to analyse the convenience trade-offs and costs of transitioning into an interim customer system or to one of the airlines system. Employee training costs also are needed to be kept in mind while making this decision. Designating the management team and managing the airport integration will consume much of the integration teams attention in the first 100 days. Full operational integration will take much longer, and will depend on a lot of issues like fleet and operational system compatibility. Dealing with System Integration System issues are one of the primary drivers of the entire process and influence various aspects of the merger process. Systems touch the customer throughout, which ranges from process such as tallying frequent flyer points till creating and pricing connecting itineraries to prompting an agent to provide an upgrade. These many touch points assign too much importance to systems because proper functioning ensures a smooth customer experience. (Borenstein) The main questions to ponder are: Are you investing in strong interim systems for improving customer experience during the process of transition or is your focus only on the integration and developing the experience afterwards meanwhile using communication to bring down customer expectation. Do you expand the capacity of the existing system or design entirely new systems? (Harlan, 2015) The employee systems should not be overlooked because this can send strong and sublime signals to the workforce. As we all know the importance of workforce in merger integration. Discussion on Management Decisions Till now we have discussed how integration should be carried out. We have discussed what factors need to be kept in mind. We have three management decisions we need to discuss. We will start with the first decision. The management decided that the combined company will retain the fleet, staff and destinations. Additionally, Wombats ageing systems will be merged with Koalas system. As we know that the fleet of both the airlines consists of the same aircraft so retention of fleet is a good decision as this would not lead to high maintenance costs because the aircraft is of the same company. This would give the new merged entity more resources at their disposal. One major expense would be rebranding of the aircrafts but the synergy coming from this would be outweighing the costs. Retaining the destinations would also give higher coverage to the combined entity but overlapping and multiple flights should be removed. Keeping the staff of both the airlines is also a smart decision subject to that high increase employee costs could be outdone by the increase in revenue.(Kochan, n.d.) Keeping the staff also boosts the morale of the employees and prevents labour unrests which we have listed before as a m ajor problem in merger integration of airlines. Wombat is dependent on agents and tour operators for reservations. Its information systems are outdated(Martin, 2015). As we have stated before that system integration is one of the major drivers of merger integration. So this decision to migrate Wombats information system to Koalas needs to be properly evaluated. The technology used in information systems of Koala Airlines is up to date and merging Wombats information systems with Koalas is a good decision. Although, it involves employee training costs, which must be less than the synergy benefits coming from this decision.(Newman, 2008) Coming to the second management decision of operating the combined airlines as a premium based low cost carrier. It is an intelligent decision, keeping in mind that Wombat is a full service airline and Koala is a low cost carrier. Customers of Wombat are used to a certain level of service. This premium based low cost service would be able to provide the required level of service to Wombats customers and also keep the low cost customer base of Koala. We should also keep in mind the aircraft configuration of both the airlines is same (both accommodate 300 passengers); this should also enable us to implement this premium based low cost carrier strategy. This new type of product should be properly communicated to the customers. The premium customers should not feel that there has been a degradation of service due to this merger and the customers of Koala also should not feel that they are paying more for the same service.(The Motley Fool, n.d.) Third decision by the management is to charge a service charge of 15% on tickets booked by agents, tour operators and third party websites, provide 24X7 online and telephonic customer supports and remove face to face customer support. The decision to charge such high service charges by the management on booking done by third parties needs to be looked into. It might lead to devaluation of the brand value of the combined entity. The service charge should be abolished or it should be kept at a minimum. The decision to remove face to face customer support may also be detrimental. As Wombat is a full service carrier, it will have many high profile customers who would prefer to have face to face customer support to resolve their issues. It is a very important decision to have face to face customer interaction because these interactions provide a lot of insights about customers and also it is an important customer touch point. Conclusion As discussed above the management decision to retain the fleet, staff, and destinations and migrate Wombats information systems to Koalas system is a good decision and would result in high amount of synergies. The second decision to operate as a premium based low cost carrier is also a good decision as booth the merging carriers have different clientele and this type of offering would satisfy both segments of clients. The third decision to charge high service charge when tickets are booked through third party and removing face to face customer support needs to be reconsidered. This decision could lead to alienation of the customers. As many customers of Wombat would be high profile persons, it would be best to have physical customer touch points. References Carlton, D. W., Landes, W. M., Posner, R. A. (n.d.). Benefits and Costs of Airline Mergers: A Case Study. Benkard, C. L., Bodoh-Creed, A., Lazarev, J. (2010). Simulating the Dybamic effect of Horizontal Mergers: US Airlines. Borenstein, S. (n.d.). Airline Mergers, Airport Dominance and Market Power. Hansson, T., Neilson, G., Belin, S. (2001). Airline Merger Integration: Take-off Checklist. Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. Harlan, C. (2015, September 25). Landing a mega-merger: The last days of US Airways. The Washington Post. Hewitt, E. (n.d.). Seven Ways the AA/US Airways Merger Will Hurt You. Retrieved from Independent Traveler. Hschelrath, K., Mller, K. (n.d.). Market power, efficiencies, and entry: Evidence from an airline merger. Isidore, C. (2013, February 13). Airline mergers mean more lost luggage, flight delays. Retrieved from CNN Money:

Topics of Discussion in Educational Studies Essay Example For Students

Topics of Discussion in Educational Studies Essay James LampeTopics of Discussion in Educational StudiesI read the article Another Look at what young Children Should Be learning because the title interested me, how do we decide what to teach and when? Who controls the standards for a school? Is it up to the teacher or is it something that the teachers were told to teach? In many cases I understand that it is a mixture of both the teachers influence and what the teacher is required to do. This makes me think back to my own experiences in school, being taught different thing and now I think, why was I taught that? This article came up with some very interesting points about education. We will write a custom essay on Topics of Discussion in Educational Studies specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some of these things that I read in the article I can directly relate to my own experience. In my high school and junior high we always had learning goals. They would come up with acronyms to help us remember them and make us do project involving them. In high school they were called the ESLERS, what it stood for escapes me now. I guess the school thought it was a good idea to make sure that every classroom had these learning goals posted on the wall. I thought that was always a little silly, but I cant think of a better way of using them. It never really helped me personally but I could see how it could help others. Learning though interaction at a young age was also mentioned in the article, I have memories of this in use as well. In my elementary school we would always have these weird things that would be secretly teaching us something. Like our first grade teacher introduced us to algebra in a way. He drew this machine on the board, and then he said that he is putting a number in one side. Then he showed us what came out the other side, and we had to figure out what the machine did. He let us put in different numbers, and it was fun. If I become a teacher I hope that I could be that creative when it comes to teaching. In the article they talk about how some methods of teaching could be good in the short run test scores, but not in the long run education of the student. They say that the amount of drills and practice in reading is a good way to teach reading, but could undermine the students disposition toward reading. This is an interesting paradox. The best way of teaching a child a skill could make him not want to use the skill. This should make us reconsider some teaching methods. Also talked about in the article the way that younger children respond to a wider variety of teaching methods. You cannot use a single teaching method to a very diverse group of students without leaving some behind. I remember some of this in my early school experience, but not a lot. They would rather have you conform to a neat little group rather than be an individual. I also remember times in elementary school where I felt left behind in the teaching, but didnt want to say anything. If I become a teacher I would want to address things like this, we cant have it happening. How do you stop it though, no matter what you cannot make a perfect teaching system for every child? That is why there is so much controversy in education, what methods work best and whose test scores are higher. What is comes down to though is each teacher should do their personal best to educate and help their students.